Electronics is Easy?

YouTube video clips

retired Electronic Design Engineer

Industry needs Electrical Engineers who understand electronic

fundamentals. These video clips provide those fundamentals.

.

The contents strive to be clear and concise. The intent is to prepare

Electrical Engineering students for the world of electronics

.

These video clips are based on 40 years of electronic design

experience at:

     Texas Instruments.

          -Radar Systems for the Navy.

     3M

          -Digital Magnetic Recording (for computers)

          -Anti-Shoplifting Systems

          -Cochlear Implants (restore a sense of hearing for the deaf)

     Emerson

          -Control Large Valves in an Oil Refinery with less power

                    than a 1 watt light bulb (pneumatic air pressure)

          -Wireless Communication with battery power that lasts

                    five years (without recharging)

.

They start at a middle school student level. They end at a college

student level.

Electrical Engineering College Students

Insight

Chapter 1

Electronic Basics

Middle School

1.1 Electronic Basics?
--- Garden hose, batteries, voltage, resistance, current, flashlight ---

1.2 Electronic Voltage Current Resistance?
--- Battery, voltage volts, resistor ohms, current amps, equations ---

1.3 Electronic Voltage (DC vs. AC)?
--- Direct current, alternating current, frequencies, guitar string, cycles per second, Hz, Hertz ---

1.4 Electronic Electromagnetism?
--- Electricity, electric current, magnets, wire, power plants, motors ---

Chapter 2

Analog Passive Components

High School & College

2.1 Electronic Component Physical Packages?
--- PTH, pin thru hole, SMT, surface mount technology, PCB, printed circuit board, fiberglass, solder ---

2.2 Electronic Resistor Parameters?
--- Ohms, value, accuracy, tolerance, power rating, temperature coefficient, material composition, decade multiples ---

2.3 Electronic Parallel and Series Resistors?
--- Resistor equations, voltage dividers, split current, mA, milliamps ---

2.4 Electronic Capacitors (DC)?
--- Direct current, farads, microfarad, nanofarad, picofarad, equations, voltage charge rate / rise time, time t = 0 ---

2.5 Electronic Capacitor Parameters?
--- Value, material composition, dialectric, accuracy, tolerance, voltage rating, derating, voltage polarization, Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR), ceramic, tantalum, metal film, paper, mylar film, aluminum, electrolytic, c0g, np0, npo, x7r, x5r, z5u, y5v, class 1, class 2, datasheets ---

2.6 Electronic Parallel and Series Capacitors?
--- Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR), noise reduction, bypass caps, RC filters, tantalum, ceramic ---

2.7 Capacitors (AC) RC Filter?
--- Extensive math (very little math in the other video clips), alternating current, resist voltage changes, capacitive reactance, value size, frequency, amplitude, phase, low pass filter, equations, cutoff frequency, corner frequency, break frequency, Bode plots, -3 dB, -20 dB, -6 dB, phase shift ---

2.8 Electronic Cascade RC Filters?
--- Micro-Cap electronic SPICE model, Bode plots, double cascade, op amp, trial and error, trade-offs ---

2.9 Electronic Inductors (DC)?
--- Direct current, resist current changes, henries, henry, millihenry, microhenry, equations, current change rate, material compositions ---

2.10 Electronic Inductors (AC) RL Filters?
--- Chokes, restrict current flow, separate frequencies, RL filter cutoff frequency equation, phase shift ---

2.11 Electronic Impedance?
--- Resistant to voltage changes and current changes, amplitude changes and phase changes ---

2.12 Electronic Crystals?
--- Constant precise frequency, wireless, wired communication, watches clocks, resonators, oscillators, kilohertz, megahertz ---

2.13 Electronic Fuses?
--- Disrupt current flow, soldering fuse constraints, resettable fuse ---

2.14 Electronic Transformers?
--- Electricity, step up, step down, closely coupled inductors, AC current, magnetic field, primary, secondary windings, losses, generating stations, high voltage transmission lines, substations, 120 / 240 V volts ---

2.15 Electronic Common Mode Chokes (Bifilar Inductor)?
--- Highly coupled 1:1 transformer, attenuates electronic noise, EMC, allows AC when current in equals current out, allows communication ---

2.16 Electronic Hall Sensors?
--- Detects stationary magnets / magnetic fields, location and distance, proximity, positioning, current sensing, speed detection ---

Chapter 3

Analog Discrete Active Components

College

3.1 Electronic Diodes?
--- Anode, cathode, forward voltage drop, leakage current, forward current maximum, reverse voltage minimum, datasheets ---

3.2 Electronic LEDs?
--- Light emitting diodes, long life, low current, indicators, visual grids, illumination ---

3.3 Electronic Diode Rectifiers?
--- Half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifier, AC to DC conversions ---

3.4 Electronic Zener Diodes?
--- Accurate reverse voltage drop, forward voltage drop, leakage current ---

3.5 Electronic FETs (Field Effect Transistors)?
--- Controls current, controlled by voltage, P channel, N channel, enhancement, depletion, MOSFET, gate, source, drain, gate source threshold voltage, power considerations ---

3.6 Electronic JFETs (Junction Field Effect Transistors)?
--- Controls current, controlled by voltage, similar to FET, no enhancement mode ---

3.7 Electronic BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistors)?
--- Controls current, controlled by current, PNP, NPN, base, emitter, collector, base-emitter saturation voltage ---

3.8 Electronic Analog Switches?
--- Controlled with voltage, bidirectional, internal resistance, bandwidth ---

3.9 Electronic Digital Potentiometers?
--- Changes resistance values electronically, SPI communication, micro ---

3.10 Electronic Optoisolators?
--- Optocouplers, photocouplers, LED, phototransistor, galvanic isolation ---

Chapter 4

Analog Microcircuit Active Components

College

4.1 Electronic Comparators?
--- Compares voltages, IC, integrated circuit, powered by positive / negative voltages / ground, hysteresis, open drain / collector ---

4.2 Electronic Op Amps?
--- Positive gain, negative gain, unity gain, input offset voltage, input bias current, bandwidth, slew rate, trade-offs ---

4.3 Electronic Op Amp Offset?
--- Offset voltage, positive gain / offset, negative gain / offset, AC voltage input / offset ---

4.4 Electronic Variable Gain and Variable Offset Op Amp?
--- Digital potentiometers, controlled gain and offset by a microprocessor or microcontroller ---

4.5 Electronic Differential Op Amp?
--- Differential input, increased signal amplification, reduced noise amplification ---

4.6 Electronic Differential Input and Differential Output Op Amp?
--- Signals from one PCB to another PCB, can result in noisy ground ---

4.7 Electronic Differential Input and Differential Output Op Amp Filtering?
--- Differential filter, differential output RC filter, differential gain resistor RC filter ---

4.8 Electronic Rail-to-Rail Op Amps?
--- Approach power voltage and ground, inaccurate output results ---

4.9 Electronic Constant Current / Voltage?
--- Resistor bridges, pressure sensors, constant current / voltage ---

4.10 Electronic Instrumentation Amps?
--- CMRR, common mode rejection, 20 log, differential input amplifier ---

4.11 Electronic Voltage Regulators?
--- Linear regulator, switching regulator, LDO, low dropout drop out, positive to negative voltages, dual double voltage output, power efficiency, power in, power out, low battery current, noisy power supply ---

4.12 Electronic Voltage References?
--- Accurate, little noise, stable over temperature, ADCs, DACs, analog electronics ---

4.13 Electronic Voltage Supervisors?
--- Monitor power supply voltages, watchdog watch dog timers, digital pulses, thresholds, reset micros, microprocessors, microcontrollers ---

4.14 N Channel FET Op Amp?
--- Increase current output from an Op Amp ---

Chapter 5

Digital

High School & College

5.1 Electronic Digital Component Basics?
--- Logic gates, noise tolerant, voltage level for ones "1's" and zeros "0's", inverter gate, and gate, nand gate, or gate, nor gate, open drain, voltage level shift, source current, sink current, switch debounce ---

5.2 Electronic Binary and Hex Numbers?
--- 10001000b, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF ---

5.3 Electronic Byte Integer Signed Unsigned?
--- MSB, LSB, 2's complement ---

5.4 Electronic Float and Double Numbers?
--- Precision, IEEE 754 Floating Point Standard, MSB sign bit, exponent, mantissa ---

5.5 Electronic Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)?
--- Convert voltage amplitudes into binary numbers for micros, microprocessors microcontrollers, resistor ladders, 2 4 8 10 12 16 18 24 32 bit, voltage references, Nyquist sampling criterion, sample clocks, accuracy, resolution, sample rate, cycle latency, power consumption, Delta Sigma, SAR, Pipeline, conversion rate, differential ---

5.6 Electronic Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)?
--- Convert binary numbers into voltage amplitudes, micros, microprocessors, microcontrollers, resistor ladders, 2 4 8 10 12 16 18 24 32 bit, voltage references, Delta Sigma, Resistor String (R-2R, MDAC), Current Steering, resolution, settling times, linearity ---

5.7 Electronic Microprocessors and Microcontrollers?
--- Code is binary numbers that provide instructions to micros (microprocessors microcontrollers) microprocessors for computers, microcontrollers for specific tasks (phones, cars, robotics, medical devices) ---

5.8 Electronic Watchdog Timers?
--- Watchdog timers reset micros (microprocessors microcontrollers), periodic pulses, excessive electronic noise ---

5.9 Electronic Memory?
--- RAM, ROM, FLASH, EEPROM, FRAM, NRAM, Non-Volitile Memory (NVM), change limitation ---

5.10 Electronic Firmware and Software Code?
--- Assembly, C, human readable code, binary number code, IDE (Integrated Development Environment), source editor, compiler / assembler, uploader, debugger, PC program counter, TitleCase, Hungarian notation ---

5.11 Electronic Parallel Communication?
--- Transmit and receive binary numbers to RAM and from RAM ---

5.12 Electronic SPI Serial Communication?
--- Transmit and receive binary numbers between a Master and Slave(s), reduced real estate ---

5.13 Electronic I2C Serial Communication?
--- Transmit and receive binary numbers between a Master and Slave(s), reduced real estate ---

5.14 Electronic RS-232 RS-485 Serial Communication?
--- Transmit and receive binary numbers between computers and equipment, asynchronous communication, 9600 baud, 8-N-1, 8-E-1, 8-O-1, DB9 connector, start and stop bits, even / odd parity ---

5.15 Electronic Little Endian / Big Endian?
--- Transmit and receive binary numbers between computers, serial communication, LSB (Least Significant Bit), MSB (Most Significant Bit) ---

Chapter 6

EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility)

College

6.1 Electronic EMC Design Considerations?
--- Block unwanted electromagnetic energy, PCB Voltage Planes and Ground Planes ---

6.2 Electronic Transient Voltage Suppressors?
--- TVS, limited lightning protection, high voltage spike protection ---

6.3 Electronic EMC Common Mode Chokes (Bifilar Inductor)?
--- Filter that allows AC signals when current in equals current out ---

6.4 Electronic Ferrite Cores?
--- Reduce EMC from motor electrical noise ---

Chapter 7

Important Electronic Details

College

7.1 Electronic Datasheets?
--- Necessary for solid electronic design! Document that specifies component characteristics (created by component mfg company) includes nominal value, tolerances, parameter changes due to temperature, min / max ratings (supply voltage, power consumption, I/O currents), IC pin descriptions, timing diagrams / speed / response times, overheating details that could destroy, physical location of components around sensitive ICs. ---

7.2 Electronic SPICE Models?
--- SPICE model computer programs predict “end results”, vary component tolerances, change temperatures, estimate worst cases ... Micro-Cap. ---

7.3 Electronic Counterfeit Components?
--- Counterfeit electronic components "major” hazard. A counterfeit component may perform “similarly”, but may not be as accurate, may fail quickly, may fail over temperature changes. ---

7.4 Electronic PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards)?
--- Fiberglass with copper foil, copper weight / thickness (0.5 oz, 1 oz, 2 oz), vias, pads, multi-layer, HASL, ENIG, OSP, soldermask, silkscreen, voltage planes and ground planes ---

7.5 Electronic Ground Loops?
--- Avoid multiple connections of ground to ground (only one connection), ground planes are an exception ---

7.6 Electronic PCB Fabrication?
--- Ensure inner layers and external layers are clean else dendrite growth can lead to failures, precision locations for holes, pads, vias, fiducials, flexibility can crack solder joints and components ---

7.7 Electronic Solder?
--- Attached electronic components to PCBs, new solder is tin only, flux is cleaning agent, remove flux to avoid unwanted resistive path which could lead to product failure ---

7.8 Electronic Tin Whiskers?
--- Solder with no lead leads to tin whiskers, unwanted connections between components, and lead to product failure, only 0.49 of lead usage is for electronics, batteries (cars, etc.) are 80% ---

7.9 Electronic Conformal Coating and Potting?
--- Protect electronics from toxic gases, can expand which could pop loose components from PCBs ---

7.10 Electronic Liquid Glass?
--- Tin whiskers, microspheres, glass, ceramic, car paint ---

Chapter 8

Electronic Documentation

College

8.1 Electronic Technical Specifications?
--- Performance requirements, marketing specifications, customer needs, customer may not know of new technologies ---

8.2 Electronic Schematics?
--- Electronic component locations relative to each other reference designators, values, signal names ---

8.3 Electronic BOM (Bill of Materials)?
--- List of all electronic components with names, component manufacturing company name, and component part numbers. requires zero errors ---

8.4 Electronic PCB Layouts?
--- Mechanical Requirements Drawing, PCB Netlist, Schematic Netlist, DFM (Design for Manufacturability), DFT (Design for Testability), PCB Fabrication, Solder Mask, Silkscreen ---

Chapter 9

Electronic Tests

College

9.1 Electronic Design Verification Test?
--- Performance, min & max power voltage, current consumption, power interruption, reverse polarity, customer connection error, temperature and humidity, shock & vibration ---

9.2 Electronic EMC Test?
--- Radiated Emissions, Conducted Emissions, Radiated Immunity, Conducted Low Frequency EM Immunity, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Immunity, Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) Burst Immunity, Surge Immunity, Magnetic Field Immunity, Voltage Dips and Interrupts ---

9.3 Electronic Firmware Verification Test?
--- Verify microprocessor code and microcontroller code handles all inputs, all errors, all situations ---

Chapter 10

Electronic Manufacturing

College

10.1 Electronic Manufacturing Assemblies?
--- Verify correct components, supply chain to avoid counterfeit components, audit, AQL (Acceptable Quality Levels) ---

10.2 Electronic Manufacturing Kitting?
--- All components are available prior to scheduling the assembly build ---

10.3 Electronic Manufacturing ESD?
--- Electro-Static Discharge protection requirements, anti-static clothes, gloves, boxes, mats, wrist straps ---

10.4 Electronic Manufacturing SMT?
--- Small components, small assemblies, easy and fast to mount with robotic equipment, reduced costs ---

10.5 Electronic Manufacturing SMT Machines?
--- Solder paste dispenser, stencil, robotic machines, correct component / orientation, reels / tubes, fiducials, re-flow ovens, thermal profile ---

10.6 Electronic Manufacturing Wave Solder?
--- Molten solder, conveyor, PTH components, avoid SMT large, BGA, find pitch components on bottom side, heat / cool profile ---

10.7 Electronic Manufacturing Solder Fountain?
--- Tub of molten solder, shape / size matches PTH components shape / size ---

10.8 Electronic Manufacturing Hand Solder?
--- Other solder options not feasible, fix solder joint problems, soldering iron, solder wire, solder wick / vacuum tool ---

10.9 Electronic Manufacturing Cleaning?
--- Remove contaminants, flux, reduce odds of product inaccuracy / failure ---

10.10 Electronic Manufacturing ICT?
--- In-Circuit Test fixture, pogo-pins, verify component value / orientation, test voltages, download firmware code / data to micros / flash ---

10.11 Electronic Manufacturing Functional Test?
--- Verify assembly built correctly, connections, voltages, I/O signals, no errors, temperature changes, calibrate sensors ---

10.12 Electronic Manufacturing Final Actions?
--- Conformal coating / potting, post pot test, ESD bags ---

Chapter 10

Electronic Synopsis

College

11.1 Electronic Skills Are Valuable?
--- Hardware Design, Code Writing, SPICE Model, Writing, Speaking, People Skills ---

SPICE
Electronic Circuit Simulator

Resistor & Capacitor
Decade Values Chart

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Book Errata
Corrections and Clarifications

About the Author